Holodomor (“Murder By Starvation,” “Extermination By Hunger,” Mass Genocide) of 1932-33 Now Going Global With Covid-19 Fraudulent Plandemic

Holodomor (From Wikipedia)

Webmaster Comment: The Holodomor, the mass murder by starvation of up to 12 million civilians in Ukraine in 1932-33 was carried out by the Jew-controlled Soviet Union.
This deliberate administrative program was one of the most brutal and senseless genocides in world history. The same group of international Judeo-Masonic-satanists is now executing a far greater “Holodomor” on the entire world, utilizing the fraudulent COVID-19 “plandemic” as pretext. There is a very limited time for informed citizens to stop this long-planned and unprecedented global genocide.

We “targeted individuals” who have educated ourselves about “the program” must step forward to help educate the unwitting public about many of the other draconian weapons systems that will likely be deployed in combination (“hybrid warfare”) by complicit, controlled governments against civilians en masse in order to achieve the radical population reductions the United Nations and other elite institutions have long planned..

These weapons systems include:

1) Under Continuity of Government (COG), due process of law and constitutionally-guaranteed civil liberties are routinely violated. Fourth Generation Warfare is “hybrid warfare” that includes unconventional, irregular, electronic, net-centric, psychological, chemical, biological, cyber, information, neuro, civilian-military warfare, low-intensity conflict, and military operations other than war components. For decades, the entire world has been regarded as the “electronic battlefield.” The US military, intelligence agencies, private security subcontractors, the corporate sector, the academic sector, the civilian sector, and law enforcement and other elements of society, comprise the “Interagency” which wages these new forms of warfare against targeted civilians.

2) The multi-million person “standing armies” of gangstalking perpetrators sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security Fusion Centers and Joint Terrorism Task Force of the FBI includes citizen-spies, Neighborhood Watch and Citizens on Patrol volunteers, paid employees, and hired thugs; “counterterrorism specialists;” surveillance role players; crisis actors; spotters; trackers; harassers, and EM frequency zappers among other groups. These standing armies of citizen spies and perpetrators have been radically expanded since 9/11.

3) A host of highly sophisticated computer programs (PROMIS, the NSA’s Stellar Wind, Carbyne911, Palantir and many others) are already deployed in coordination with conscious supercomputers, satellites, and mind-reading and mind/behavior-changing technologies to surveille, track, and target millions of individuals with lethal and non-lethal directed energy and neuroweapons.

4) With the roll out of 5G, the Internet of Things, satellite GPS tracking capabilities, and A.I., among other technologies, “Big Brother” is poised to eliminate masses (many millions) of individuals deemed troublesome to governments and elites, probably in accordance with stated United Nations 21 (2030) objectives.

5) The lethal and “nonlethal” directed energy weapons and neuroweapons that have been tested and developed using “TIs” as nonconsensual human guinea pigs over the past seven decades are now considered ready for much wider deployment against civilian populations worldwide.

6) The other incredibly sophisticated technologies now deployed and set to radically expand include remote biometric tracking, targeting and mind/behavior control and influencing technologies of everyone. These sophisticated surveillance and tracking technologies are currently being deployed by governments, corporations (Lockheed Martin, etc.), militaries, and intelligence agencies of and the International Zionist Criminal Syndicate (aka National Security Racketeering Network).

The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомо́р; Голодомо́р в Украї́ні;[a][2] derived from морити голодом, “to kill by starvation”)[3][4][5] was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine in 1932 and 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. It is also known as the Terror-Famine and Famine-Genocide in Ukraine,[6][7][8] and sometimes referred to as the Great Famine[9] or the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–33.[10] It was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932–33, which affected the major grain-producing areas of the country. During the Holodomor, millions of inhabitants of Ukraine, the majority of whom were ethnic Ukrainians, died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine.[11] Since 2006, the Holodomor has been recognized by Ukraine[12] and 15 other countries as a genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government.[13]

Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly.[14] According to higher estimates, up to 12 million[15] ethnic Ukrainians were said to have perished as a result of the famine. A U.N. joint statement signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7–10 million perished.[16] Research has since narrowed the estimates to between 3.3[17] and 7.5[18] million. According to the findings of the Court of Appeal of Kiev in 2010, the demographic losses due to the famine amounted to 10 million, with 3.9 million direct famine deaths, and a further 6.1 million birth deficits.[19]

The term Holodomor emphasises the famine’s man-made and intentional aspects, such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs, and restriction of population movement. Whether the Holodomor was genocide is still the subject of academic debate, as are the causes of the famine and intentionality of the deaths. Some scholars believe that the famine was planned by Joseph Stalin to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement.[11][20][21] The loss of life has been compared to that of the Holocaust.[22][23][24][25] However, some historians dispute its characterization as a genocide.[26][27]

Contents

1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Scope and duration
2.2 Causes
2.3 Aftermath and immediate reception
2.4 Death toll
3 Genocide question
4 Soviet and Western denial
5 In modern politics
6 Remembrance
6.1 Ukraine
6.2 Canada
6.3 United States
6.4 Poland
6.5 Holodomor memorials
7 Cinema
8 Literature
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
13.1 Declarations and legal acts
13.2 Books and articles
14 External links

Etymology

The word Holodomor literally translated from Ukrainian means “death by hunger”, or “killing by hunger, killing by starvation”,[28] or sometimes “murder by hunger or starvation”.[29] It is a compound of the Ukrainian words holod “hunger” and mor “plague”. The expression moryty holodom means “to inflict death by hunger”. The Ukrainian verb moryty (морити) means “to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment”. The perfective form of moryty is zamoryty – “kill or drive to death by hunger, exhausting work”.

The word was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in Czechoslovakia (as Haladamor),[30] and by 1978 by Ukrainian immigrant organisations in the United States and Canada.[31][32][33] However, in the Soviet Union – of which Ukraine was a constituent republic – references to the famine were controlled, even after de-Stalinization in 1956. Historians could speak only of ‘food difficulties’, and the use of the very word golod/holod (hunger, famine) was forbidden.[citation needed]

Discussion of the Holodomor became more open as part of Glasnost in the late 1980s. In Ukraine, the first official use of the word was a December 1987 speech by Volodymyr Shcherbytskyi, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine,[34] on the occasion of the republic’s seventieth anniversary.[35] An early public usage in the Soviet Union was in February 1988, in a speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the party organisation of the Kiev branch of the Union of Soviet Writers in Ukraine.[36][37] The term may have first appeared in print in the Soviet Union on 18 July 1988, in his article on the topic.[38] “Holodomor” is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004. The term is described as “artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal regime against a country’s population.”[39]

History

Scope and duration

The famine affected the Ukrainian SSR as well as the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (a part of the Ukrainian SSR at the time) in spring 1932[40] and from February to July 1933,[41] with the most victims recorded in spring 1933. The consequences are evident in demographic statistics: between 1926 and 1939, the Ukrainian population increased by only 6.6%, whereas Russia and Belarus grew by 16.9% and 11.7%, respectively.[42][43]

From the 1932 harvest, Soviet authorities were able to procure only 4.3 million tons as compared with 7.2 million tons obtained from the 1931 harvest.[44] Rations in towns were drastically cut back, and in winter 1932–33 and spring 1933, people in many urban areas starved.[45] Urban workers were supplied by a rationing system (and therefore could occasionally assist their starving relatives in the countryside), but rations were gradually cut; and by spring 1933, urban residents also faced starvation. At the same time, workers were shown agitprop movies depicting peasants as counterrevolutionaries who hid grain and potatoes at a time when workers, who were constructing the “bright future” of socialism, were starving.[46]

The first reports of mass malnutrition and deaths from starvation emerged from two urban areas of the city of Uman, reported in January 1933 by Vinnytsia and Kiev oblasts. By mid-January 1933, there were reports about mass “difficulties” with food in urban areas, which had been undersupplied through the rationing system, and deaths from starvation among people who were refused rations, according to the Ukraine Central Committee’s Decree of December 1932. By the beginning of February 1933, according to reports from local authorities and Ukrainian GPU, the most affected area was Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, which also suffered from epidemics of typhus and malaria. Odessa and Kiev oblasts were second and third, respectively. By mid-March, most of the reports of starvation originated from Kiev Oblast.[citation needed]

By mid-April 1933, Kharkiv Oblast reached the top of the most affected list, while Kiev, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Vinnytsia, and Donetsk oblasts, and Moldavian SSR were next on the list. Reports about mass deaths from starvation, dated mid-May through the beginning of June 1933, originated from raions in Kiev and Kharkiv oblasts. The “less affected” list noted Chernihiv Oblast and northern parts of Kiev and Vinnytsia oblasts. The Central Committee of the CP(b) of Ukraine Decree of 8 February 1933 said no hunger cases should have remained untreated. Local authorities had to submit reports about the numbers suffering from hunger, the reasons for hunger, number of deaths from hunger, food aid provided from local sources, and centrally provided food aid required. The GPU managed parallel reporting and food assistance in the Ukrainian SSR. (Many regional reports and most of the central summary reports are available from present-day central and regional Ukrainian archives.)[47] The Ukrainian Weekly, which was tracking the situation in 1933, reported the difficulties in communications and the appalling situation in Ukraine.[citation needed]

Evidence of widespread cannibalism was documented during the Holodomor.[25][48]

Survival was a moral as well as a physical struggle. A woman doctor wrote to a friend in June 1933 that she had not yet become a cannibal, but was “not sure that I shall not be one by the time my letter reaches you.” The good people died first. Those who refused to steal or to prostitute themselves died. Those who gave food to others died. Those who refused to eat corpses died. Those who refused to kill their fellow man died. Parents who resisted cannibalism died before their children did.[49]

The Soviet regime printed posters declaring: “To eat your own children is a barbarian act.”[50]:225 More than 2,500 people were convicted of cannibalism during the Holodomor.[51]

Causes

Main articles: Causes of the Holodomor and Soviet famine of 1932–33

Soviet famine of 1932–33: Areas of most disastrous famine shaded black
The reasons for the famine are a subject of scholarly and political debate. Some scholars suggest that the man-made famine was a consequence of the economic problems associated with changes implemented during the period of Soviet industrialisation.[52][29][53] There are also those[who?] who blame a systematic set of policies perpetrated by the Soviet government under Stalin designed to exterminate the Ukrainians.[citation needed]

The collectivisation policy was enforced, entailing extreme crisis and contributing to the famine. In 1929–30, peasants were induced to transfer land and livestock to state-owned farms, on which they would work as day-labourers for payment in kind.[54] Collectivization in the Soviet Union, including the Ukrainian SSR, was not popular among the peasantry and forced collectivisation led to numerous peasant revolts. The first five-year plan changed the output expected from Ukrainian farms, from the familiar crop of grain to unfamiliar crops like sugar beets and cotton. In addition, the situation was exacerbated by poor administration of the plan and the lack of relevant general management. Significant amounts of grain remained unharvested, and – even when harvested – a significant percentage was lost during processing, transportation, or storage.[citation needed]

In the summer of 1930, the government instituted a program of food requisitioning, ostensibly to increase grain exports. Subsequently, in 1932, food theft was made punishable by death or 10 years imprisonment.[54]

It has been proposed that the Soviet leadership used the man-made famine to attack Ukrainian nationalism, and thus it could fall under the legal definition of genocide.[55][56][52][57][25][58] For example, special and particularly lethal policies were adopted in and largely limited to Soviet Ukraine at the end of 1932 and 1933. According to Snyder: “[E]ach of them may seem like an anodyne administrative measure, and each of them was certainly presented as such at the time, and yet each had to kill.”[59][60] Under the collectivism policy, for example, farmers were not only deprived of their properties but a large swath of these were also exiled in Siberia with no means of survival.[61] Those who were left behind and attempted to escape the zones of famine were ordered shot. There were foreign individuals who witnessed this atrocity or its effects. For example, there was the account of Arthur Koestler, a Hungarian-British journalist, which described the peak years of Holodomor in these words:

At every [train] station there was a crowd of peasants in rags, offering ikons and linen in exchange against a loaf of bread. The women were lifting up their infants to the compartment windows – infants pitiful and terrifying with limbs like sticks, puffed bellies, big cadaverous heads lolling on thin necks.[62]

Aftermath and immediate reception

Despite attempts by the Soviet authorities to hide the scale of the disaster, it became known abroad thanks to the publications of journalists Gareth Jones, Malcolm Muggeridge, Ewald Ammende, Rhea Clyman, photographs made by engineer Alexander Wienerberger, etc. In response, the Soviet Union launched a counter-propaganda campaign when celebrities such as Bernard Shaw, Edouard Herriot and several others traveled to the USSR and then made statements that they had not seen hunger.[citation needed]

During the German occupation of Ukraine, the occupation authorities allowed the publication of articles in local newspapers about Holodomor and other communist crimes, but they also did not want to pay too much attention to this issue in order to avoid stirring national sentiment.[citation needed] In 1942, Stepan Sosnovy, an agronomist in Kharkov, published a comprehensive statistical research on the number of Holodomor casualties, based on documents from Soviet archives.[63]

In the post-war period, the Ukrainian diaspora disseminated information about the Holodomor in Europe and North America. At first, the public attitude was rather cautious, as the information came from people who had lived in the occupied territories, but it gradually changed in the 1950s. Scientific study of the Holodomor, based on the growing number of memoirs published by survivors, began in the 1950s.[citation needed]

Death toll

See also: Soviet famine of 1932–33 and Soviet Census (1937)

Map of depopulation of Ukraine and southern Russia, 1929–33. Territories in white were not part of the USSR during the famine.
By the end of 1933 millions of people had starved to death or otherwise died unnaturally in the Soviet republics. Total population loss (including stillbirth) across the union is estimated at 6–7 million.[64] The Soviet Union long denied that the famine had taken place. The NKVD (and later KGB) controlled the archives for the Holodomor period and made relevant records available very slowly. The exact number of the victims remains unknown and is probably impossible to estimate, even within a margin of error of a hundred thousand.[65] Some professional historians, particularly Ukrainian, have estimated fatalities as in the region of seven to ten million.[66][67][68][69] Former Ukrainian president Yushchenko stated in a speech to the United States Congress that the Holodomor “took away 20 million lives of Ukrainians”,[70] while former Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a public statement giving the death toll at about 10 million.[71][72] During an international conference, “Holodomor 1932-1933 loss of the Ukrainian nation”, on 4 October 2016 at the National University of Kiev Taras Shevchenko, it was claimed that during the Holodomor 7 million Ukrainians were killed, and in total, 10 million people died of starvation across the USSR.[73] David R. Marple in this vein gives a figure of 7.5[18] million. The use of the 7 to 20 million figures has been criticized by historians Timothy D. Snyder and Stephen G. Wheatcroft. Snyder wrote: “President Viktor Yushchenko does his country a grave disservice by claiming ten million deaths, thus exaggerating the number of Ukrainians killed by a factor of three; but it is true that the famine in Ukraine of 1932–1933 was a result of purposeful political decisions, and killed about three million people.”[72] In an email to Postmedia News, Wheatcroft wrote: “I find it regrettable that Stephen Harper and other leading Western politicians are continuing to use such exaggerated figures for Ukrainian famine mortality” and “There is absolutely no basis for accepting a figure of 10 million Ukrainians dying as a result of the famine of 1932–33.”[71][74]

Estimates vary in their coverage, with some using the 1933 Ukraine borders, some of the current borders, and some counting ethnic Ukrainians. Some extrapolate on the basis of deaths in a given area, while others use archival data. Some historians question the accuracy of Soviet censuses, as they may reflect Soviet propaganda. Other estimates come from recorded discussions between world leaders. In an August 1942 conversation, Stalin gave Winston Churchill his estimates of the number of “kulaks” who were repressed for resisting collectivisation as 10 million, in all of the Soviet Union, rather than only in Ukraine. When using this number, Stalin implied that it included not only those who lost their lives but also those who were forcibly deported.[75][76] Additionally, there are variations in opinion as to whether deaths in Gulag labour camps should be counted or only those who starved to death at home. Estimates before archival opening varied widely such as: 2.5 million (Volodymyr Kubiyovych),[76]; 4.8 million (Vasyl Hryshko);[76] and 5 million (Robert Conquest).[77]

Declassified Soviet statistics (in thousands)[76]

Year Births Deaths Natural change

1927 1,184 523 661
1928 1,139 496 643
1929 1,081 539 542
1930 1,023 536 487
1931 975 515 460
1932 782 668 114
1933 471 1,850 −1379
1934 571 483 88
1935 759 342 417
1936 895 361 534

A 2002 calculation that uses demographic data, including those recently unclassified, narrows the losses to about 3.2 million or, allowing for the lack of precise data, 3 million to 3.5 million.[76][78][79] Soviet archives show that excess deaths in Ukraine in 1932–1933 numbered a minimum of 1.8 million (2.7 including birth losses). This source further states “Depending upon the estimations made concerning unregistered mortality and natality, these figures could be increased to a level of 2.8 million to a maximum of 4.8 million excess deaths and to 3.7 million to a maximum of 6.7 million population losses (including birth losses)”.[14] In 1932–1933, there were 1.2 million cases of typhus and 500,000 cases of typhoid fever. Malnourishment increases fatality rates from many diseases, and are not counted by some historians.[80] From 1932 to 1934, the largest rate of increase was recorded for typhus, commonly spread by lice. In conditions of harvest failure and increased poverty, lice are likely to increase. Gathering numerous refugees at railway stations, on trains and elsewhere facilitates the spread. In 1933, the number of recorded cases was 20 times the 1929 level. The number of cases per head of population recorded in Ukraine in 1933 was already considerably higher than in the USSR as a whole. By June 1933, incidence in Ukraine had increased to nearly 10 times the January level, and it was much higher than in the rest of the USSR.[81] The number of recorded excess deaths extracted from the birth/death statistics from Soviet archives is contradictory. The data fail to add up to the differences between the results of the 1926 Census and the 1937 Census.[76] Kulchytsky summarized the declassified Soviet statistics as showing a decrease of 538,000 people in the population of Soviet Ukraine between 1926 census (28,925,976) and 1937 census (28,388,000).[76]

According to the correction for officially non-accounted child mortality in 1933[82] by 150,000 calculated by Sergei Maksudov, the number of births for 1933 should be increased from 471,000 to 621,000 (down from 1,184,000 in 1927). Given the decreasing birth rates and assuming the natural mortality rates in 1933 to be equal to the average annual mortality rate in 1927–1930 (524,000 per year), a natural population growth for 1933 would have been 97,000 (as opposed to the recorded decrease of 1,379,000). This was five times less than the growth in the previous three years (1927–1930). Straight-line extrapolation of population (continuation of the previous net change) between census takings in 1927 and 1936 would have been +4.043 million, which compares to a recorded -538,000 change. Overall change in birth and death amounts to 4.581 million fewer people but whether through factors of choice, disease or starvation will never be fully known.[citation needed]

Holodomor, 1933, photograph by Alexander Wienerberger

A “Red Train” of carts from the “Wave of Proletarian Revolution” collective farm in the village of Oleksiyivka, Kharkiv oblast in 1932. “Red Trains” took the first harvest of the season’s crop to the government depots. During the Holodomor, these brigades were part of the Soviet Government’s policy of taking away food from the peasants.
Estimates of the human losses due to famine must account for the numbers involved in migration (including forced resettlement). According to Soviet statistics, the migration balance for the population in Ukraine for 1927–1936 period was a loss of 1.343 million people. Even when the data were collected, the Soviet statistical institutions acknowledged that the precision was less than for the data of the natural population change. The total number of deaths in Ukraine due to unnatural causes for the given ten years was 3.238 million; accounting for the lack of precision, estimates of the human toll range from 2.2 million to 3.5 million deaths.[83]

A 2002 study by Vallin et al.[84][85][86] utilising some similar primary sources to Kulchytsky, and performing an analysis with more sophisticated demographic tools with forward projection of expected growth from the 1926 census and backward projection from the 1939 census estimates the number of direct deaths for 1933 as 2.582 million. This number of deaths does not reflect the total demographic loss for Ukraine from these events as the fall of the birth rate during the crisis and the out-migration contribute to the latter as well. The total population shortfall from the expected value between 1926 and 1939 estimated by Vallin amounted to 4.566 million. Of this number, 1.057 million is attributed to the birth deficit, 930,000 to forced out-migration, and 2.582 million to the combination of excess mortality and voluntary out-migration. With the latter assumed to be negligible, this estimate gives the number of deaths as the result of the 1933 famine about 2.2 million. According to this study the life expectancy for those born in 1933 sharply fell to 10.8 years for females and to 7.3 years for males and remained abnormally low for 1934 but, as commonly expected for the post-crisis peaked in 1935–36.[84]

According to historian Snyder, the recorded figure of excess deaths was 2.4 million. However, Snyder claims that this figure is “substantially low” due to many deaths going unrecorded. Snyder states that demographic calculations carried out by the Ukrainian government provide a figure of 3.89 million dead, and opined that the actual figure is likely between these two figures, approximately 3.3 million deaths to starvation and disease related to the starvation in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. Snyder also estimates that of the million people who died in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from famine at the same time, approximately 200,000 were ethnic Ukrainians due to Ukrainian-inhabited regions being particularly hard hit in Russia.[59] As a child, Mikhail Gorbachev, born into a mixed Russian-Ukrainian family, experienced the famine in Stavropol, Russia. He recalled in a memoir that “In that terrible year [in 1933] nearly half the population of my native village, Privolnoye, starved to death, including two sisters and one brother of my father.”[87]

According to one estimate,[82] about 81.3% of the famine victims in the Ukrainian SSR were ethnic Ukrainians, 4.5% Russians, 1.4% Jews and 1.1% were Poles. Many Belarusians, Hungarians, Volga Germans and other nationalities became victims as well. The Ukrainian rural population was the hardest hit by the Holodomor. Since the peasantry constituted a demographic backbone of the Ukrainian nation,[88] the tragedy deeply affected the Ukrainians for many years. In an October 2013 opinion poll (in Ukraine) 38.7% of those polled stated “my families had people affected by the famine”, 39.2% stated they did not have such relatives, and 22.1% did not know.[89]

In response to the demographic collapse, the Soviet authorities ordered large-scale resettlements, with over 117,000 peasants from remote regions of the Soviet Union taking over the deserted farms.[90]

Genocide question
Main article: Holodomor genocide question

Countries that officially recognise the Holodomor as an act of genocide

Passers-by and the corpse of a starved man on a street in Kharkiv, 1932

Chicago American’s front page

Daily Express, 6 August 1934
Scholars continue to debate whether the Holodomor was (on one extreme) man-made, intentional, and genocidal and (on the other) nature-made, unintentional, and ethnicity-blind. Whether the Holodomor is a genocide is a significant issue in modern politics and there is no international consensus on whether Soviet policies would fall under the legal definition of genocide.[91][92]

There are a diversity of scholarly positions. Raphael Lemkin, James Mace, Norman Naimark, and Timothy Snyder consider the Holodomor a genocide and the intentional result of Stalinist policies. Michael Ellman considers the Holodomor a crime against humanity, but holds that evidence is insufficient for genocide. Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde consider the deaths primarily due to intentional state policy, not poor harvests. Robert Davies, Stephen Kotkin, and Stephen Wheatcroft consider the deaths largely unintentional, as Stalin acted to reduce them – but highly insufficiently. Mark Tauger considers the Holodomor primarily the result of natural conditions and failed economic policy, not intentional state policy. Notable nonscholars Grover Furr and Douglas Tottle hold that the famine was not genocide and portray it as Ukranian nationalist propaganda to think otherwise.[citation needed] Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn opined on 2 April 2008 in Izvestia that the 1930s famine in the Ukraine was similar to the Russian famine of 1921–22 as both were caused by the ruthless robbery of peasants by Bolshevik grain procurements.[93] and argued that it was by no means genocide.[94][95]

Soviet and Western denial

Main article: Denial of the Holodomor
Holodomor denial is the assertion that the 1932–1933 genocide in Soviet Ukraine either did not occur or did occur but was not a premeditated act.[96][97] Denying the existence of the famine was the Soviet state’s position and reflected in both Soviet propaganda and the work of some Western journalists and intellectuals including George Bernard Shaw, Walter Duranty, and Louis Fischer.[96][98][99][100][101] In the Soviet Union, authorities all but banned discussion of the famine, and Ukrainian historian Stanislav Kulchytsky stated the Soviet government ordered him to falsify his findings and depict the famine as an unavoidable natural disaster, to absolve the Communist Party and uphold the legacy of Stalin.[102]

In modern politics

Main article: Holodomor in modern politics

One of the interpretations of The Running Man painting by Kazimir Malevich, also known as Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword, is the artist’s indictment of the Great Famine.[103] “Kasimir Malevich’s haunting ‘The Running Man’ (1933–34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster.”[104]

Lazar Kaganovich (left) played a role in enforcing Stalin’s policies that led to the Holodomor.[105]

Whether the Holodomor was a genocide or ethnicity-blind, was man-made or natural, and was intentional or unintentional are issues of significant modern debate. The event is considered a genocide by Ukraine,[106] a crime against humanity by the European Parliament,[107] and the lower house of parliament of the Russian Federation condemned the Soviet regime’s “disregard for the lives of people”.[108]

On 10 November 2003 at the United Nations, 25 countries, including Russia, Ukraine, and United States signed a joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor with the following preamble:

In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the Government of Ukraine.

Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, Kazakhs and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the Volga River region, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.[109]

The Ukrainian parliament first recognized the Holodomor as a genocide in 2003, and criminalized both Holodomor denial and Holocaust denial in 2006. In 2010, the Kyiv court of appeal ruled that the Holodomor was an act of genocide and held Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich, Stanislav Kosior, Pavel Postyshev, Mendel Khatayevich, Vlas Chubar and other Bolshevik leaders responsible.[110]

The Holodomor has been compared to the Irish Famine of 1845-1849 that took place in Ireland under British rule,[111] which has been the subject of similar controversy and debate.

Remembrance
To honour those who perished in the Holodomor, monuments have been dedicated and public events held annually in Ukraine and worldwide.

Ukraine

Candles and wheat as a symbol of remembrance during the Holodomor Remembrance Day 2013 in Lviv

Since 2006 Ukraine has officially observed a Holodomor Memorial Day on the fourth Saturday of November.[89][112][113][114]

In 2006, the Holodomor Remembrance Day took place on 25 November. Ukraine President Viktor Yushchenko directed, in Decree No. 868/2006, that a minute of silence should be observed at 4 o’clock in the afternoon on that Saturday. The document specified that flags in Ukraine should fly at half-staff as a sign of mourning. In addition, the decree directed that entertainment events are to be restricted and television and radio programming adjusted accordingly.[115]

In 2007, the 74th anniversary of the Holodomor was commemorated in Kiev for three days on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti. As part of the three-day event, from 23 to 25 November, video testimonies of the communist regime’s crimes in Ukraine, and documentaries by famous domestic and foreign film directors were shown. In addition, experts and scholars gave lectures on the topic.[116] As well, on 23 November 2007, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a set of two commemorative coins remembering the Holodomor.[117]

As of 2009, Ukrainian schoolchildren take a more extensive course of the history of the Holodomor.[118]

The National Museum “Memorial to Holodomor victims” was erected on the slopes of the Dnieper river in 2008, welcoming its first visitors on 22 November 2008.[119] The ceremony of the memorial’s opening was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Holodomor.

In an October 2013 opinion poll, 33.7% of Ukrainians fully agreed and 30.4% rather agreed with the statement “The Holodomor was the result of actions committed by the Soviet authorities, along with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, and was the result of human actions”.[89] In the same poll, 22.9% of those polled fully or partially agreed with the view that the famine was caused by natural circumstances, but 50.5% disagreed with that.[89] Furthermore, 45.4% of respondents believed that the Holodomor was “a deliberate attempt to destroy the Ukrainian nation” and 26.2% rather or completely disagreed with this.[89]

Canada

The first public monument to the Holodomor was erected and dedicated in 1983 outside City Hall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, to mark the 50th anniversary of the famine-genocide. Since then, the fourth Saturday in November has in many jurisdictions been marked as the official day of remembrance for people who died as a result of the 1932–33 Holodomor and political repression.[120]

On 22 November 2008, Ukrainian Canadians marked the beginning of National Holodomor Awareness Week. Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism Minister Jason Kenney attended a vigil in Kiev.[121] In November 2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the Holodomor memorial in Kiev, although Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych did not join him.[citation needed]

Saskatchewan became the first jurisdiction in North America and the first province in Canada to recognize the Holodomor as a genocide.[122] The Ukrainian Famine and Genocide (Holodomor) Memorial Day Act was introduced in the Saskatchewan Legislature on 6 May 2008,[123] and received royal assent on 14 May 2008.[124]

On 9 April 2009, the Province of Ontario unanimously passed bill 147, “The Holodomor Memorial Day Act”, which calls for the fourth Saturday in November to be a day of remembrance. This was the first piece of legislation in the Province’s history to be introduced with Tri-Partisan sponsorship: the joint initiators of the bill were Dave Levac, MPP for Brant (Liberal Party); Cheri DiNovo, MPP for Parkdale–High Park (NDP); and Frank Klees, MPP for Newmarket–Aurora (PC). MPP Levac was made a chevalier of Ukraine’s Order of Merit.[125]

On 2 June 2010, the Province of Quebec unanimously passed bill 390, “Memorial Day Act on the great Ukrainian famine and genocide (the Holodomor)”.[126]

On 25 September 2010, a new Holodomor monument was unveiled at St. Mary’s Ukrainian Catholic Church, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, bearing the inscription “Holodomor: Genocide By Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933” and a section in Ukrainian bearing mention of the 10 million victims.[127]

On 21 September 2014, a statue entitled “Bitter Memories of Childhood” was unveiled outside the Manitoba Legislature Building in Winnipeg.[128]

A monument to the Holodomor has been erected on Calgary’s Memorial Drive, itself originally designated to honour Canadian servicemen of the First World War. The monument is located in the district of Renfrew near Ukrainian Pioneer Park, which pays tribute to the contributions of Ukrainian immigrants to Canada.[citation needed]

On 21 October 2018, a memorial statue was unveiled on Canada Boulevard in Exhibition Place of Toronto. The site provides a place for an annual memorial on the fourth Saturday of November.[129]

United States

The Ukrainian Weekly reported a meeting taking place on 27 February 1982 in the parish center of the Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family in commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Great Famine caused by the Soviet authorities. On 20 March 1982, the Ukrainian Weekly also reported a multi-ethnic community meeting that was held on 15 February on the North Shore Drive at the Ukrainian Village in Chicago to commemorate the famine which took the lives of seven million Ukrainians. Other events in commemoration were held in other places around the United States as well.[citation needed]

On 29 May 2008, the city of Baltimore held a candlelight commemoration for the Holodomor at the War Memorial Plaza in front of City Hall. This ceremony was part of the larger international journey of the “International Holodomor Remembrance Torch”, which began in Kiev and made its way through thirty-three countries. Twenty-two other US cities were also visited during the tour. Then-Mayor Sheila Dixon presided over the ceremony and declared 29 May to be “Ukrainian Genocide Remembrance Day in Baltimore”. She referred to the Holodomor “among the worst cases of man’s inhumanity towards man”.[130]

On 2 December 2008, a ceremony was held in Washington, D.C., for the Holodomor Memorial.[131] On 13 November 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama released a statement on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day. In this, he said that “remembering the victims of the man-made catastrophe of Holodomor provides us an opportunity to reflect upon the plight of all those who have suffered the consequences of extremism and tyranny around the world”.[132][133] NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer released a similar statement on 20 November 2010.[134]

In 2011, the U.S. day of remembrance of Holodomor was held on 19 November. The statement released by the White House Press Secretary reflects on the significance of this date, stating: “… in the wake of this brutal and deliberate attempt to break the will of the people of Ukraine, Ukrainians showed great courage and resilience. The establishment of a proud and independent Ukraine twenty years ago shows the remarkable depth of the Ukrainian people’s love of freedom and independence.”[135]

On 7 November 2015, the Holodomor Genocide Memorial was opened in Washington D.C.[136][137]

In the 115th Congress, both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives adopted resolutions commemorating the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor, “the Soviet Union’s manmade famine that it committed against the people of Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.”[138] The Senate Resolution, S. Res. 435 (115th Congress)[139] was adopted on 3 October 2018 and stated that the U.S. Senate “solemnly remembers the 85th anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and extends its deepest sympathies to the victims, survivors, and families of this tragedy.” On 11 December 2018, the United States House of Representatives adopted H. Res. 931 (115th Congress),[140] a resolution extending the House’s “deepest sympathies to the victims and survivors of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, and their families” and condemned “the systematic violations of human rights, including the freedom of self-determination and freedom of speech, of the Ukrainian people by the Soviet Government.”[citation needed]

Poland
On 22 January 2015 Holodomor monument has been erected in the city of Lublin.[141]

Holodomor memorials

A touring van devoted to Holodomor education, seen in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, in 2017

“Light the candle” event at a Holodomor memorial in Kiev

Monument in Kiev, called “The Bitter Memory of Childhood”

Memorial cross in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Memorial cross in Dolotetske, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

Holodomor Memorial in Dovhalivka, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

Memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

Memorial in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine

“Barrow of Sorrows” monument in Mhar, Poltava Oblast, Ukraine

Monument to victims of Holodomor in Novoaydar, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine

Monument to the Victims of the Holodomor, Lublin, Poland

Roman Kowal’s Holodomor Memorial in Winnipeg, Canada

1983 Holodomor Monument in Edmonton, Canada (first in the world)

Monument near Chicago, Illinois, United States

Plaque in Grand Park, Los Angeles, California, United States

Holodomor Memorial in Windsor, Ontario, Canada

Holodomor Monument in Calgary, Canada

Poster by Australian artist Leonid Denysenko

Stamp of Ukraine, 1993

Monument dedicated to victims of years 1932-33 famine in Vyshhorod, Ukraine. The authors are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk

Holodomor memorial, Mykhailivska Square, Kiev

Cinema

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: “Holodomor” – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1984 Жнива розпачу / Harvest of Despair, directed by Sviatoslav Novytsky (documentary film)
1991 Голод-33 / Famine-33, directed by Oles Yanchuk
2014 Поводир / The Guide, directed by Oles Sanin
2015 Child 44, directed by Daniel Espinosa based on the book by Tom Rob Smith briefly describes the Holodomor
2017 Гіркі Жнива / Bitter Harvest, directed by George Mendeluk
2019 Mr. Jones, directed by Agnieszka Holland
Literature
Ulas Samchuk’s novel Maria (1934) is dedicated to holodomor, (English translation, Maria. A Chronicle of a Life 1952).[142]

See also

flag Ukraine portal
flag Soviet Union portal
icon Genocide portal
List of Holodomor memorials and monuments
National Museum “Memorial to Holodomor victims”
Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
Russian famine of 1921
1921–22 famine in Tatarstan
Famine-33
The Soviet Story
Bloodlands
Holodomor: The Unknown Ukrainian Tragedy (1932-1933)
List of famines
Great Famine (Ireland)
Great Famine of 1876–78
Bengal famine of 1943
Famine in Yemen (2016–present)
Mass killings under Communist regimes

Notes
Also known as “Extermination by hunger” or “Hunger-extermination”
References
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, pp. 479–484.
Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-415-48618-7.
Andrea Graziosi, “Les Famines Soviétiques de 1931–1933 et le Holodomor Ukrainien.”, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 46/3, p. 457
Nicolas Werth, “La grande famine ukrainienne de 1932–1933” in Nicolas Werth, La terreur et le désarroi: Staline et son système, Paris, 2007, p. 132. ISBN 2-262-02462-6
Graziosi, Andrea (2005). LES FAMINES SOVIÉTIQUES DE 1931–1933 ET LE HOLODOMOR UKRAINIEN. Cahier du Monde Russe. p. 464.
Davies 2006, p. 145.
Baumeister 1999, p. 179.
Sternberg & Sternberg 2008, p. 67.
Boriak, Hennadii. Sources for the Study of the “Great Famine” in Ukraine (Cambridge, Massachusetts 2009)
“Ukrainian Genocide of 1932–1933”. Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation – USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
“The famine of 1932–33”. Encyclopædia Britannica online. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015. The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33 – a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians … Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine … Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated … The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.
ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні [LAW OF UKRAINE: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine]. rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
“International Recognition of the Holodomor”. Holodomor Education. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
Wheatcroft 2001a.
Rosefielde 1983.
“Joint statement by the delegations of Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Pakistan, Qatar, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017. In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), which took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. … as a result of civil war and forced collectivization, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations. … we deplore the acts and policies that brought about mass starvation and death of millions of people. We do not want to settle scores with the past, it could not be changed, but we are convinced that exposing violations of human rights, preserving historical records and restoring the dignity of victims through acknowledgement of their suffering, will guide future societies and help to avoid similar catastrophes in the future. …
Snyder 2010, p. 53. “It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933”.
David R. Marples. Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. p.50
Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине [Nalyvaichenko called the number of victims of Holodomor in Ukraine] (in Russian). LB.ua. 14 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2002, p. 77. “[T]he drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continued in 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions for obtaining the harvest in 1932”.
Engerman 2003, p. 194.
Zisels, Josef; Halyna Kharaz (11 November 2007). “Will Holodomor receive the same status as the Holocaust?”. world.maidan.org.ua. Archived from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Mytsyk, Y. A. (2003). Трагедія Голодомору у спогадах очевидців [The tragedy of the Holodomor in the memories of eyewitnesses]. archives.gov.ua. ISBN 978-966-518-210-8. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Stanislav Kulchytsky (2 September 2008). “The Holodomor of 1932–1933: the scholarly verdict”. day.kiev.ua. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Margolis, Eric. “Seven million died in the ‘forgotten’ holocaust”. ukemonde.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Tauger, Mark B. (2001). “Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933”. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506): 1–65. doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89. ISSN 2163-839X. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017.
Werth 2010, p. 396.
Fawkes, Helen (24 November 2006). “Legacy of famine divides Ukraine”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Applebaum, Anne (2017). Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday. p. 363. ISBN 9780385538855.
Hryshko 1978.
Dolot 1985.
Hadzewycz, Zarycky & Kolomayets 1983.
Bilinsky, Yaroslav (July 1983). “Shcherbytskyi, Ukraine, and Kremlin Politics”. Problems of Communism. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
Graziosi, Andrea (2004–2005). “The Soviet 1931–1933 Famines and the Ukrainian Holodomor: Is a New Interpretation Possible, and What Would Its Consequences Be?”. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 27 (1–4): 97–115. JSTOR 41036863.
O. H. Musiienko, “Hromadians’ka pozytsiia literatury i perebudova” (The Civic Position of Literature and Perestroika), Literaturna Ukraïna, 18 February 1988, pp. 7–8;
U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine (1988). Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine 1932–1933. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 67. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Mace 2008, p. 132.
Vyacheslav T. Busel, ed. (2001). Великий тлумачний словник сучасної української мови:- Голодомор [Great Explanatory Dictionary of Modern Ukrainian:- Holodomor] (in Ukrainian). Irpin, Perun (2004). ISBN 978-966-569-013-9. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016. Artificial famine organised on a vast scale by criminal authorities against the population of their own country.
“”Голодомор 1932–33 років в Україні: документи і матеріали”/ Упорядник Руслан Пиріг; НАН України.Ін-т історії України.-К.:Вид.дім “Києво-Могилянська академія”, “Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: documents and materials / compiled by Ruslan Pyrig National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Institute of History of Ukraine. -K.:section Kiev-Mohyla Academy 2007”. Archives.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, p. 204.
“University of Toronto Data Library Service”. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
“Demoscope Weekly”. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, p. 470, 476.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, p. xviii.
Холодомор – 2009 Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
“Голод 1932–1933 років на Україні: очима істориків, мовою документів”. Archives.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
Сокур, Василий [Sokur, Vasily] (21 November 2008). Выявленным во время голодомора людоедам ходившие по селам медицинские работники давали отравленные “приманки” – кусок мяса или хлеба. Facts and Commentaries (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012. The author suggests that never in the history of mankind was cannibalism so widespread as during the Holodomor.
Timothy Snyder. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books, 2010, pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-465-00239-0
Várdy & Várdy 2007.
Boriak, Hennadii (November 2008). “Holodomor Archives and Sources: The State of the Art” (PDF). The Harriman Review. 16 (2): 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2011.
Kulchytsky, Stanislav (6 March 2007). “Holodomor of 1932–33 as genocide: gaps in the evidential basis”. Den. Part 1 – Part 2 – Part 3 – Part 4
David Marples (30 November 2005). “The great famine debate goes on …” Edmonton Journal. ExpressNews, University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008.
Reid, Anna (7 October 2017). “Rule by Starvation”. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Peter Finn (27 April 2008). “Aftermath of a Soviet Famine”. WashingtonPost.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012. There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed.
David Marples (30 November 2005). “The Great Famine Debate Goes On …” Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Bilinsky 1999.
Kulchytsky, Stanislav. “Holodomor-33: Why and how?”. Zerkalo Nedeli (25 November – 1 December 2006). Russian version.
Snyder 2010, pp. 42–46.
The term anodyne administrative measure in the quote means a measure that was not meant to solve the problem but to calm the hungry crowds, or a measure which, in of itself, would not create opposition (See wikt:anodyne). The term ‘Anodyne’ refers to pain relieving methods, drugs or remedies, used prior to the 20th century.
Shifman, Misha (2015). Physics In A Mad World. London: World Scientific. p. 15. ISBN 9789814619288.
Marton, Kati (2007). Great Escape. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 98. ISBN 9780743261159.
Sosnovy, S. «The Truth about the Famine» in Semen Pidhainy, ed., The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, vol. 1 (Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror: Toronto, 1953): 222–225.
Wheatcroft 2001b, p. 885.
Valeriy Soldatenko (2003). Голодный тридцать третий субъективные мысли об объективных процессах [The starvation of ’33: subjective thoughts about objective processes]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian) (24, 28 June – 4 July). Archived from the original on 11 November 2004.Valeriy Soldatenko (2003). Голодний тридцять третій суб’єктивні думки про об’єктивні процеси [The starvation of ’33: subjective thoughts about objective processes]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Ukrainian) (24, 28 June – 4 July). Archived from the original on 13 March 2007.
Fawkes, Helen (24 November 2006). “Legacy of famine divides Ukraine”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Sheeter, Laura (24 November 2007). “Ukraine remembers famine horror”. BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
Kulchytsky, Stanislav (22 August 2003). Причины голода 1933 года в Украине по страницам одной подзабытой книги [Reasons for the 1933 famine in Ukraine according to the pages of one all but forgotten book]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian) (16). Archived from the original on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2012. During the hearings, the Ukrainian politician Stefan Khmara said, ‘I would like to address the scientists, particularly, Stanislav Kulchytsky, who attempts to mark down the number of victims and counts them as 3–3.5 million. I studied these questions analysing the demographic statistics as early as in 1970s and concluded that the number of victims was no less than 7 million’.
Yushchenko, Viktor (27 November 2007). “Holodomor”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
“Ukrainian President Yushchenko: Yushchenko’s Address before Joint Session of U.S. Congress”. Official Website of President of Ukraine. 6 April 2005. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
“Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll”. MontrealGazette.com. 30 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
“Holocaust: The ignored reality”. Eurozine. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
“Міжнародна конференція “Голодомор 1932 – 1933 років: втрати української нації””. КНУ імені Тараса Шевченка. 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017.
Wheatcroft 2000.
Valentin Berezhkov, Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina, Moscow, DEM, 1993, ISBN 5-85207-044-0. p. 317
Stanislav Kulchytsky, “How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933”, Zerkalo Nedeli, 23–29 November 2002. Available online “in Russian”. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2003. and “in Ukrainian”. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2003.
Conquest 2002.
“Stalislav Kulchytsky, “Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century””. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2014., Zerkalo Nedeli, 2–8 October 2004 (in Russian), and “(in Ukrainian)”. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
Kulchytsky & Yefimenko 2003, pp. 42–63.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, p. 429.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2010, p. 512.
Sergei Maksudov, “Losses Suffered by the Population of the USSR 1918–1958”, in The Samizdat Register II, ed. R. Medvedev (London–New York 1981)
Wheatcroft 2018, p. 466.
Vallin et al. 2002.
Meslé, Pison & Vallin 2005, “What is striking in the long-term picture of Ukrainian life expectancy is the devastating impact of the calamities of the 1930s and 1940s. In 1933, the famine which had occasioned unparalleled excess mortality of 2.2 million, cut the period life expectancy to a low of under 10 years”.
ce Meslé, Jacques Vallin Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXè siècle + CDRom ISBN 2-7332-0152-2 CD online data (partially) Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (2006). “Manifesto for the Earth: action now for peace, global justice and a sustainable future”. CLAIRVIEW BOOKS. p.10. ISBN 1-905570-02-3
Potocki 2003.
“Poll: Almost two-thirds of Ukrainians believe famine of 1932–1933 was organized by Stalinist regime”. Interfax-Ukraine. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
“Post-holodomor Population Resettlements to Ukraine (1933–1934)”. citation.allacademic.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
David Marples (30 November 2005). “The great famine debate goes on…” ExpressNews (University of Alberta), originally published in the Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008.
Kuchytsky, Stanislav (17 February 2007). Голодомор 1932 — 1933 гг. как геноцид: пробелы в доказательной базе [Holodomor 1932-1933 as genocide: gaps in the evidence]. Den (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (2 April 2008). Поссорить родные народы??. Izvestia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2008.
http://www.ruskodnes.cz/index.php?page=clanek&id=818
https://web.archive.org/web/20080405034053/http://www.izvestia.ru/opinions/article3114723
Radzinsky 1996, pp. 256–9.
Conquest 2001, p. 96.
Pipes 1995, pp. 232–6.
Editorial (14 July 2002). “Famine denial” (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 70 (28): 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Mace 2004, p. 93.
Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-94429-8.
Levy, Clifford (15 March 2009). “A New View of a Famine That Killed Millions”. New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
Dmytro Horbachov (1998). “Fullest Expression of Pure Feeling”. Welcome to Ukraine (1). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Wilson 2002, p. 144.
The Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933 and the UN Convention on Genocide // Human Rights in Ukraine. Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
“The Artificial Famine/Genocide (Holodomor) in Ukraine 1932-33”. InfoUkes. 28 November 2006. Updated April 26th 2009. Retrieved 08-12-2013.
“Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity”. European Parliament. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011.
“Russian lawmakers reject Ukraine’s view on Stalin-era famine”. Russian News & Information Agency. 2 April 2008.
“30 U.N. member-states sign joint declaration on Great Famine” (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 71 (46): 1, 20. 16 November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Interfax-Ukraine (21 January 2010). “Sentence to Stalin, his comrades for organizing Holodomor takes effect in Ukraine”. KyivPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014.
Bayer, Alexei (8 February 2014). “Ukraine and Ireland: Overcoming Mighty Neighbors”. The Globalist.
AnydayGuide. “Remembrance Day for the Victims of Holodomors in Ukraine / November 25, 2017”. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Rud, Victor. “Holodomor Remembrance Day: Why the Past Matters for the Future”. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Marcel Van Herpen (2013). Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-137-28282-8. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Yushchenko, Viktor. Decree No. 868/2006 by President of Ukraine. Regarding the Remembrance Day in 2006 for people who died as a result of Holodomor and political repressions (in Ukrainian)
“Ceremonial events to commemorate Holodomor victims to be held in Kiev for three days”. National Radio Company of Ukraine. URL Accessed 25 November 2007
Commemorative Coins “Holodomor – Genocide of the Ukrainian People”. National Bank of Ukraine.URL Accessed 25 June 2008
“Schoolchildren to study in detail about Holodomor and OUN-UPA”. ZIK–Western Information Agency. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
National Museum: Memorial in Commemoration of Famines’ Victims in Ukraine, History of the Museum “Museum History”. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013. Kiev, 2012. Retrieved on 2 August 2013.
Bradley, Lara. “Ukraine’s ‘Forced Famine’ Officially Recognized.” The Sundbury Star. 3 January 1999. URL Accessed 12 October 2006
“Ukrainian-Canadians mark famine’s 75th anniversary”. CTV.ca. 22 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Saskatchewan recognises genocide during Holodomor Remembrance Week | News and Media | Government of Saskatchewan”. Saskatchewan.ca. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
“Saskatchewan first province to recognize Holodomor as genocide” (PDF). Visnyk. Visnyk (Весник). XXII (2). 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
“Holodomor”. Ucc.sk.ca. 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
“Ontario MPP gets Ukrainian knighthood for bill honouring victims of famine”. The Canadian Press. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Quebec Passes Bill Recognizing Holodomor as a Genocide”. Ukrainian Canadian Congress. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Holodomor Monument – Пам’ятник Голодомору 1932–33”. St. Mary’s Ukrainian Catholic Church. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Unveiling of the Holodomor monument “Bitter Memories of Childhood””. UkrainianWinnipeg.ca. 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
“The Holodomor Memorial Project”. www.explace.on.ca. Canadian National Exhibition Association. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
Berg, Tabitha (6 June 2008). “International Holodomor Remembrance Torch in Baltimore Commemorates Ukrainian Genocide”. eNewsChannels. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Bihun, Yaro (7 December 2008). “Site of Ukrainian Genocide Memorial in D.C. is dedicated” (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 76 (49): 1, 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Remembrance of Holodomor in Ukraine will help prevent such tragedy in future, says Obama”. Interfax-Ukraine. 14 November 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Statement by the President on the Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day Archived 18 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, whitehouse.gov (13 November 2009)
“Statement by the NSC Spokesman Mike Hammer on Ukraine’s Holodomor Remembrance Day”. WhiteHouse.gov. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Statement by the Press Secretary on Ukrainian Holodomor Remembrance Day”. WhiteHouse.gov. 19 November 2011. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
“Holodomor Memorial presented in Washington”. UNIAN. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Andrea K. McDaniels (7 November 2015). “Organizers, including Timonium man, hope to educate with Ukrainian memorial in D.C.” The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
“Text – S.Res.74 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): A resolution marking the fifth anniversary of Ukraine’s Revolution of Dignity by honoring the bravery, determination, and sacrifice of the people of Ukraine during and since the Revolution, and condemning continued Russian aggression against Ukraine”. www.congress.gov. 16 July 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
“Text – S.Res.435 – 115th Congress (2017-2018): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine”. www.congress.gov. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
“Text – H.Res.931 – 115th Congress (2017-2018): Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine”. www.congress.gov. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
“Odsłonięto pomnik ofiar Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie” [Monument unveiled to victims of the Great Famine in Ukraine]. wPolityce.pl (in Polish). 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Samchuk, U., 1952, Maria. A Chronicle of a Life Archived 25 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Language Lantern Publications, Toronto, (Engl. transl.)
Bibliography
Applebaum, Anne. Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine (2017); 496 pp online review; another review, another review
Baumeister, Roy (1999). Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-7165-8.
Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). “Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?”. Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/14623529908413948. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2006.
Conquest, Robert (1999). “Comment on Wheatcroft”. Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (8): 1479–1483. doi:10.1080/09668139998426. JSTOR 153839.
Conquest, Robert (2001). Reflections on a Ravaged Century (New ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32086-2.
Conquest, Robert (2002) [1986]. The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-9750-7.
Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2002). “The Soviet Famine of 1932–33 and the Crisis in Agriculture” (PDF). In Stephen G. Wheatcroft (ed.). Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-75461-0.
Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2006). “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman” (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229.
Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010). The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-23855-8.
Davies, Norman (2006). Europe East and West. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-06924-3.
Dolot, Miron (1985). Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30416-9.
Ellman, Michael (2005). “The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934” (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–41. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392.
Ellman, Michael (2007). “Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited” (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 59 (4): 663–693. doi:10.1080/09668130701291899.
Engerman, David (2003). Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01151-9.
Hadzewycz, Roma; Zarycky, George B.; Kolomayets, Martha, eds. (1983). The Great Famine in Ukraine: The Unknown Holocaust. Jersey City, NJ: Ukrainian National Association.
Hryshko, Vasyl (1978). Ukrains’kyi ‘Holokast’, 1933. New York, NY: DOBRUS; Toronto: SUZHERO.
Jones, Adam (2010). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (2nd ed.). Milton Park: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-48619-4.
(in Ukrainian)Kulchytsky, Stanislav; Yefimenko, Hennadiy (2003). Демографічні наслідки голодомору 1933 р. в Україні. Всесоюзний перепис 1937 р. в Україні: документи та матеріали [Demographic consequences of the 1933 Holodomor in Ukraine. The all-Union census of 1937 in Ukraine: Documents and Materials]. Kiev: Institute of History. ISBN 978-966-02-3014-9.
Mart Laar (2010). The Power of Freedom – Central and Eastern Europe after 1945. Unitas Foundation. ISBN 978-9949-21-479-2. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
Liber, George. Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914-1954 ( U of Toronto Press, 2016).
Luciuk, Lubomyr, editor, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008
Mace, James E. (2004). “Soviet Man-Made Famine in Ukraine”. In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (eds.). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-94430-4.
Mace, James E. (2008). Ваші мертві вибрали мене … [Your dead chose me …]. Kiev: Vyd-vo ZAT “Ukraïns’ka pres-hrupa”. ISBN 978-966-8152-13-9. (A collection of Mace’s articles and columns published in Den from 1993 to 2004).
Marples, David R. (2007). Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-7326-98-1.
Meslé, France; Pison, Gilles; Vallin, Jacques (2005). “France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History” (PDF). Population and Societies (413): 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 May 2011.
Mordini, Emilio; Green, Manfred (2009). Identity, Security and Democracy: The Wider Social and Ethical Implications of Automated Systems for Human Identification (PDF). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-940-0.
Naimark, Norman M. (2010). Stalin’s Genocides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14784-0.
Pipes, Richard (1995). Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-76184-6.
Potocki, Robert (2003). Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939 (in Polish and English). Lublin: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. ISBN 978-83-917615-4-0.
Pourchot, Georgeta (2008). Eurasia Rising: Democracy and Independence in the Post-Soviet Space. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-275-99916-2.
Radzinsky, Edvard (1996). Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia’s Secret Archives. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-60619-3.
Rosefielde, Steven (1983). “Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949”. Soviet Studies. 35 (3): 385–409. doi:10.1080/09668138308411488. JSTOR 151363.
Rosefielde, Steven (2009). Red Holocaust. Milton Park: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77756-8.
Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-224-08141-2.
Sternberg, Robert J.; Sternberg, Karin (2008). The Nature of Hate. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72179-0.
Tauger, Mark B. (1991). “The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933” (PDF). Slavic Review. 50 (1): 70–89. doi:10.2307/2500600. JSTOR 2500600. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2016.
Tauger, Mark B. (2001). “Natural Disasters and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933”. The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies (1506). doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89.
Vallin, Jacques; Meslé, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002). “A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s” (PDF). Population Studies. 56 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1080/00324720215934. PMID 12553326.
Várdy, Steven Béla; Várdy, Agnes Huszár (2007). “Cannibalism in Stalin’s Russia and Mao’s China” (PDF). East European Quarterly. 41 (2): 223–238.
Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2005). “Hostage of Politics: Raphael Lemkin on ‘Soviet Genocide'” (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. 7 (4): 551–559. doi:10.1080/14623520500350017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2007.
Werth, Nicolas (2010). “Mass deportations, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Latter Russian Empire and the USSR”. In Donald Bloxham; A. Dirk Moses (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923211-6.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2000). A Note on Demographic Data as an Indicator of the Tragedy of the Soviet Village, 1931–33 (draft) (PDF). Retrieved 31 July 2012.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2001a). “Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931–3” (PDF). In V. Vasil’ev; Y. Shapovala (eds.). Komandiri velikogo golodu: Poizdki V.Molotova I L.Kaganovicha v Ukrainu ta na Pivnichnii Kavkaz, 1932–1933 rr. Kiev: Geneza.
Уиткрофт, С. [Wheatcroft, S.] (2001b). “О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931–1933 гг.” [On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931–1933]. In V.P. Danilov; et al. (eds.). Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927–1939 гг.: Документы и материалы [The Tragedy of the Soviet Village: Collectivization and Dekulakization 1927–39: Documents and Materials] (in Russian). 3. Moscow: ROSSPEN. ISBN 978-5-8243-0225-7. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2004). “Towards Explaining the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933: Political and Natural Factors in Perspective”. Food and Foodways. 12 (2–3): 107–136. doi:10.1080/07409710490491447.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2018). “The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines”. Contemporary European History. 27 (3): 465–469. doi:10.1017/S0960777318000358.
Wilson, Andrew (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09309-4.
Further reading
Declarations and legal acts
Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988
Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933
Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 (in Ukrainian)
Books and articles
Ammende, Ewald, Human life in Russia, (Cleveland: J.T. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London, England: Allen & Unwin, 1936.
The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a white book, S.O. Pidhainy, Editor-In-Chief, (Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian-Communist Terror, 1953), (Vol. 1 Book of testimonies. Vol. 2. The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933).
Bruski, Jan Jacek (2008). Hołodomor 1932–1933. Wielki Głód na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu (in Polish). Warszawa: Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. ISBN 978-83-89607-56-0.
Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Luciuk and Bohdan S Kordan, eds, The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933, foreword by Michael Marrus (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988)
Chastushka Journal of American folklore, Volume 89 Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1976
Curran, Declan with L Luciuk & A G Newby, co-eds, “Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered,” Routledge, 2015
Davies, R.W., The Socialist offensive: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930, (London: Macmillan, 1980).
Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes, (Sonnebühl: H. Wild, 1988), By Dmytro Zlepko. [eine Dokumentation, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Dmytro Zlepko].
Dolot, Miron, Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1984);”Execution By Hunger, The Hidden Holocaust” (W.W. Norton & Company,1985).
Dushnyk, Walter, 50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine, (New York: Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983).
Barbara Falk, Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas 38), Köln: Böhlau Verlag 2005 ISBN 3-412-10105-2
Fürst, Juliane. Stalin’s Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism Oxford University Press. 30 September 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-957506-0
Gregorovich, Andrew, “Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence”, Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 24, (Scranton: Ukrainian Workingmen’s Association, 1974).
Kowalski, Ludwik. Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime Wasteland Press 30 July 2008. ISBN 978-1-60047-232-9
Luciuk, L. Y. (ed), “Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine” (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 200()
Halii, Mykola, Organized famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute, 1963).
Hlushanytsia, Pavlo, “Tretia svitova viina Pavla Hlushanytsi == The third world war of Pavlo Hlushanytsia”, translated by Vera Moroz, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1986). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
Holod na Ukraini, 1932–1933: vybrani statti, uporiadkuvala Nadiia Karatnyts’ka, (New York: Suchasnist’, 1985).
Holod 1932–33 rokiv na Ukraini: ochyma istorykiv, movoij dokumentiv, (Kiev: Vydavnytstvo politychnoyi literatury Ukrainy, 1990).
Hryshko, Vasyl, The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933, Edited and translated by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation, SUZHERO, DOBRUS, 1983).
Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 (Warsaw–Kiev, 2009)
“The Institute of National Remembrance | Holodomor. The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933”. Ipn.gov.pl. 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, Proceedings [transcript], 23–27 May 1988, Brussels, Belgium, Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Legal Counsel, World Congress of Free Ukrainians: John Sopinka, Alexandra Chyczij; Legal Council for the Commission, Ian A. Hunter, 1988.
International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988, New York City, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Counsel for the Petitioner, William Liber; General Counsel, Ian A. Hunter], 1988.
International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine. Final report, [Jacob W.F. Sundberg, President], 1990. [Proceedings of the International Commission of Inquiry and its Final report are in typescript, contained in 6 vols. Copies available from the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto].
Kalynyk, Oleksa, Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine, (London, England: The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain, 1955).
Klady, Leonard, “Famine Film Harvest of Despair”, Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 61, Spring 1985, (Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 1985).
Kolektyvizatsia і Holod na Ukraini 1929–1933: Zbirnyk documentiv і materialiv, Z.M. Mychailycenko, E.P. Shatalina, S.V. Kulcycky, eds., (Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1992).
Kostiuk, Hryhory, Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939, (Munich: Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSSR, 1960).
Kovalenko, L.B. & Maniak, B.A., eds., Holod 33: Narodna knyha-memorial, (Kiev: Radians’kyj pys’mennyk, 1991).
Krawchenko, Bohdan, Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony’s College, Oxford, 1985).
R. Kuśnierz, Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933),Torun, 2005
Leonard Leshuk, ed., Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934 (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 1995)
Luciuk, Lubomyr (and L Grekul), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008.)
Lubomyr Luciuk, ed., Not Worthy: Walter Duranty’s Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2004)
Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33, a cura di Andrea Graziosi, (Torino: Einaudi, 1991).
Mace, James E., Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1983).
Makohon, P., Svidok: Spohady pro 33-ho, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1983).
Martchenko, Borys, La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933, (Paris: Publications de l’Est europeen, 1983).
Marunchak, Mykhailo H., Natsiia v borot’bi za svoie isnuvannia: 1932 і 1933 v Ukraini і diiaspori, (Winnipeg: Nakl. Ukrains’koi vil’noi akademii nauk v Kanadi, 1985).
Memorial, compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of “Memorial”, 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].
Mishchenko, Oleksandr, Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen’, (Kiev: Molod’, 1991).
Oleksiw, Stephen, The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).
Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934, [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation).
Pidnayny, Alexandra, A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).
Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, 8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini, (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).
Rajca, Czesław (2005). Głód na Ukrainie. Lublin/Toronto: Werset. ISBN 978-83-60133-04-0.
Senyshyn, Halyna, Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933, (Ottawa: Montreal: UMMAN, 1983).
Solovei, Dmytro, The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine, compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).
Stradnyk, Petro, Pravda pro soviets’ku vladu v Ukraini, (New York: N. Chyhyryns’kyi, 1972).
Taylor, S.J., Stalin’s apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times’ man in Moscow, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the great famine of 1932–1933, edited by Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kor.
The man-made famine in Ukraine (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].
United States, Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine, [Daniel E. Mica, Chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O.: For sale by the Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1988), (Dhipping list: 88-521-P).
United States, Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).
Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen’, spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33, [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains’ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
Verbyts’kyi, M., Naibil’shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv, (London, England: DOBRUS, 1952).
Voropai, Oleksa, V deviatim kruzi, (London, England: Sum, 1953).
Voropai, Oleksa, The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933, Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).
Wheatcroft, S. G. (2000). “The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest” (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 52 (6): 1143–1159. doi:10.1080/09668130050143860. ISSN 0966-8136. PMID 19326595.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holodomor.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Joint Statement on Holodomor
“Holodomor survivors share their stories”. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
“Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute’s MAPA Digital Atlas of Ukraine focus on the history of the Holodomor”. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
“Gareth Jones’ international exposure of the Holodomor, plus many related background articles”. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
(in Ukrainian) Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 at the Central State Archive of Ukraine (photos, links)
Stanislav Kulchytsky, Italian Research on the Holodomor, October 2005.
Stanislav Kulchytsky, “Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians” – Six-part series from Den: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6; Kulchytsky on Holodomor 1–6
(in Russian and Ukrainian) Valeriy Soldatenko, “A starved 1933: subjective thoughts on objective processes”, Zerkalo Nedeli, 28 June – 4 July 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
(in Russian and Ukrainian) Stanislav Kulchytsky’s articles in Zerkalo Nedeli, Kiev, Ukraine
“How many of us perish in Holodomor on 1933”, 23 November 2002 – 29 November 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
“Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. Through the pages of one almost forgotten book” 16–22 August 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
“Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine-2”, 4 October 2003 – 10 October 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
“Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century”, 2 October 2004 – 8 October 2004. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
“Holodomor-33: Why and how?” 25 November – 1 December. Available online in Russian

For the simultaneous famine across the USSR, or the Kazakh SSR, see Soviet famine of 1932–33 and Kazakh famine of 1932–1933.

Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933
Country Soviet Union
Location Central and eastern Ukraine
Period 1932–1933

Total deaths from 3 to 12 million; see death toll most likely estimate is about 3.5 million

Considered genocide by 16 countries
Considered as a criminal act of Stalin’s regime by 6 countries
Considered a tragedy or crime against humanity by 5 international organizations

Relief Foreign relief rejected by the State. Respectively 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the State as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.[1]
Part of a series on the Holodomor

Historical background
Famines in Russia and USSR
Soviet famine of 1932–33
Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
Soviet government
Institutions

All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik)
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Government of the Soviet Union
Secret police (OGPU)
Policies

First five-year plan
Collectivization
Dekulakization
Law of Spikelets
Reversal of Ukrainization policies
Propaganda in the Soviet Union
Responsible parties
Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin
Vyacheslav Molotov
Lazar Kaganovich
Pavel Postyshev
Stanislav Kosior
Vlas Chubar
NKVD
Investigation and comprehension
1984 International Commission
1985 USA Commission
Causes of the Holodomor
Denial
Genocide question
Holodomor in modern politics
vte

Part of a series on
Genocide
Issues
List by death tollCultural genocideDemocideEthnic cleansingEthnic relationsEthnocideForced assimilation GenocideGenocidal rapeUtilitarian genocideDouble genocideHolodomor genocide questionExtermination campEffects of genocide on youthGenocides in historyGenocide of indigenous peoples
Ancient and Medieval genocide
Third Punic War, 149–146 BCAsiatic Vespers, 88 BCWei–Jie war, 350–351Destruction under the Mongol Empire, 1206–1405Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1229
Genocide of indigenous peoples
18th, 19th and first quarter of the 20th century

Taíno Genocide, 1494-1508Dzungar genocide, 1750sAlgerian genocide, 1830–1871California Genocide, 1848–1873Circassian genocide, 1860sCanadian residential schools, 1876–1996Selk’nam genocide, 1890s–1900sHerero and Namaqua genocide, 1904–1907Libyan Genocide, 1923–1932
Late Ottoman genocides
Greeks, 1914–1917Assyrians, 1914–1917Armenians, 1915–1917
Soviet genocide
Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union

Soviet famine of 1932–33 Holodomor-(Kuban), 1931–1933Kazakhstan, 1930–1933Mass operations of the NKVD (1937–1938) PolesLatviansGreeksMass deportations during World War II Kalmyks, 1943Chechens and Ingush, 1944Crimean Tatars, 1944
Nazi Holocaust and genocide (1941–1945)
Final SolutionRomani genocideNazi crimes against the Polish nationNazi crimes against Soviet POWsGenocide of Serbs by the UstasheGenocide of Bosniaks and Croats by the Chetniks
Cold War
Indonesian genocide (1965–1966)Bangladesh genocide (1971)East Timor genocide (1974–1999)Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)Guatemalan genocide (1981–1983)Kurdish genocide (1977–1991): Anfal (1986–1989)
Genocides in postcolonial Africa
Hutu genocide (1972)Isaaq genocide (1988–1989)Rwandan genocide (1994)Hutu massacre (1996–1997)Bambuti genocide (2002–2003)Darfur genocide (2003–)
Ethno-religious genocide in contemporary era
Bosnian genocide (1995)Genocides by ISIS (2014–) Yazidi genocideShia genocideChristian genocideRohingya genocide (2017–)
Related topics
Mass killings under communist regimesAnti-communist mass killingsMass killings compilationAtrocities in the Congo Free State
Category
vte
Part of a series on the
History of Ukraine
Arms of Ukraine
Prehistory[show]
Early history[show]
Early modern history[show]
Modern history[show]
Topics by history[show]
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine portal
vte